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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The most popular type of torque converter utilized in auto transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or otherwise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs used for always variable transmissions which could multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is a type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling cannot multiply torque. Torque converters have an element called a stator. This alters the drive's characteristics all through occasions of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating elements: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator begins from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations that have been incorporated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some examples include the Dynaflow which utilizes a five element converter to be able to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and to be able to improve the cruising power and transmission efficiency, although it is not strictly part of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses associated with fluid drive.
